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Proximal Policy Optimization in 5G, B5G, and 6G Communication Systems: A Systematic Review

Review Article

Authors: Vijaya Kittu Manda; Madhu Bhukya; Theodore Tarnanidis

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18070340

Journal Name: Future Internet; ISSN: 1999-5903

Publisher: MDPI

Volume Number: 18(7)

Journal Paper Link on Publisher Website

Journal Volume Link on Publisher Website

Publication Date: June 27, 2026

Pages: 38 pages

Abstract: Fifth-generation (5G), Beyond 5G (B5G), and sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks, along with the Internet of Things (IoT), are core communication infrastructure in smart cities. Their increased deployments create high-dimensional optimization and resource manage- ment challenges. Consequently, researchers have increasingly explored the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) models for optimizing networks. The Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is one such algorithm that optimizes networks. This Systematic Literature Review (SLR) follows the PRISMA 2020 protocol to review 76 studies published between 2023 and 2026 to synthesize recent PPO-based approaches to optimize communication systems. This study examines key PPO variants in major communication domains. It outlines the primary obstacles to real-world deployment and provides a cross-domain classification. According to this study, PPO provides continuous action spaces with good training stability for AI models. Its stable policy-learning capabilities make it suitable for next-generation commu- nication systems. However, sim-to-real transfer, reward design, and multi-agent scalability are a few key challenges encountered. Future directions emphasize robust, deployable PPO frameworks for 6G, IoT, and internet architecture.

Keywords: intelligent communication systems; proximal policy optimization; deep reinforcement learning; multi-agent systems; wireless communication systems; network optimization; integrated sensing; network slicing; beamforming; satellite communications

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1. APPO-SF: adaptive PPO with slice-aware features for QoS-aware network slicing in cloud radio access networks
   16 October 2026 Mohammad Mohsen Sadr; Mohsen Khani; Saeb Morady Tootkaleh Journal / Cluster Computing; Volume 29, article number 865 (2026)

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